A Supreme Court decision from around 1935 established that presidents generally needed a cause (such as neglect of duty) before removing certain Senate-confirmed independent agency officials.
January 01, 1935
high
temporal
Describes a long-standing legal limitation on presidential removal of independent-agency officials that has been the subject of later litigation.
Security guarantees issued by a U.S. president through executive orders are unilateral executive-branch actions that can be changed or reversed by subsequent presidents and do not have the same permanence as treaties that require Senate ratification.
high
temporal
Legal and institutional durability of U.S. executive agreements versus Senate-ratified treaties.