In China, 'underground' churches are religious groups that operate without official registration with government authorities, a status that authorities treat as unlawful.
October 11, 2025
high
temporal
Describes the legal status of unregistered religious congregations in China.
Some Chinese underground churches adopted online or hybrid models for worship and distribution of religious materials during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), enabling remote participation in services.
October 11, 2025
high
temporal
Describes a durable operational adaptation by certain unregistered congregations during the 2020 COVID-19 period.